york空調(diào)故障代碼j7(約克空調(diào)故障代碼e3)

前沿拓展：

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指導(dǎo)老師|肖珺

翻譯|曹學(xué)燕 審核|張馳

1.What is a “knowledge labor”？

何為“知識(shí)勞工”？

Knowledge of knowledge itself is an important source of productivity. Castells said in The rise of Network society. With the development of information capitalization, a new model of work is emerging—knowledge labor.

卡斯特在《網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會(huì)的崛起》一書中談到，知識(shí)（本身）的知識(shí)是生產(chǎn)力的重要來源。隨著信息資本主義的發(fā)展，一種新的工作模式也在逐漸興起——知識(shí)勞工。

The knowledge labor working hours are more flexible and free, the workplace is no longer fixed, spreading to globalization, and the most important point is that knowledge labor provides immaterial labor.

知識(shí)勞工的工作時(shí)間更加靈活和自由，工作地點(diǎn)不再被限制、趨于全球化。而且最重要的一點(diǎn)在于知識(shí)勞工提供非物質(zhì)勞動(dòng)。

表1：丹·席勒對(duì)于知識(shí)勞工的四種劃分

In how to think about information, Dan Schiller combines knowledge labors with pay and markets, and pides them into four categories through different pay and market conditions.

丹·席勒在《如何思考信息》一書中將知識(shí)勞工與工資和市場(chǎng)結(jié)合在一起，通過不同的工資以及市場(chǎng)情況，將其分為四種。

The knowledge labors of the network era have more types on this basis: net-worker, flex-timer, permatemp, precariat, crowdsourcing, etc.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代的知識(shí)勞工在此基礎(chǔ)上有著更多的類型：網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作者，彈性上班人員，長(zhǎng)期短工，游移工人，眾包等。

The changes Network brings are not only formalistic, it even makes a part of knowledge labors’ working demands from money to a self-fulfilling spiritual happiness, they pay more attention to share and disseminate.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶來的改變并沒有只流于形式，它甚至于讓一些知識(shí)勞工的工作訴求從金錢轉(zhuǎn)向了一種自我滿足的精神幸福，知識(shí)勞工們更加注重勞動(dòng)成果的分享和傳播。

2.The development of YYeTs

人人影視字幕組的前世今生

Subtitle group refers to the non-profit organizations that subtitle translation and production of overseas film and TV dramas by means of network and digital technology, and disseminate them through Internet means.

字幕組是指借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)和數(shù)字技術(shù)手段，對(duì)海外影視劇進(jìn)行字幕翻譯和制作，并將其通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)手段傳播出去的非盈利組織。

With the development of Internet technology, the transmission of film and television resources has become more convenient, and people's demand for the localization of other countries' film and television resources has increased, so the subtitle group has grown up on this basis.

隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，影視資源的傳輸變得更為便捷，人們對(duì)于別國(guó)影視資源的本土化需求增大，字幕組就在此基礎(chǔ)上成長(zhǎng)起來。

YYeTs originated from the domestic film and television resources BBS -- "YY film and music leisure center" BBS bbs.zingking.com.

人人影視起源于國(guó)內(nèi)影視資源論壇——“YY影音休閑中心”的論壇bbs.zingking.com。

In 2003, a few Canadian students who are interested in American TV drama, wanted to translate for domestic users to watch, they established the YYeTs, and began to translate "24," "lost"， "alias", "Battlestar Galactica" and so on, making the domestic Internet users really come into contact with the American TV drama.

2003年，幾位加拿大留學(xué)生對(duì)美劇很感興趣，想翻譯出來給國(guó)內(nèi)網(wǎng)友觀看，就成立了YYeTs，并且開始翻譯《24小時(shí)》《迷失》《雙面女間諜》《太空堡壘卡拉迪迦》等劇，使得國(guó)內(nèi)網(wǎng)友真正接觸到美劇這一劇種。

The New York times, which first focused on subtitles, called them "people who break cultural barriers."

最早關(guān)注字幕組的《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》稱他們?yōu)椋骸按蚱莆幕琳系娜??！?/p>

Then, YYeTs experienced its heyday, decline and regression.

隨后，人人影視字幕組經(jīng)歷了鼎盛，衰落與回歸。

3.Web-based volunteer based on interest.

基于興趣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)義工

Not all knowledge labors strive for a material return, and the group members of the title group are gathering due to interest, gaining emotional satisfaction in the course of free labor, and rewarding them as a return.

并不是所有的知識(shí)勞工都僅為物質(zhì)回報(bào)而努力，字幕組成員們因興趣聚集在一起，在免費(fèi)勞動(dòng)的過程中獲得精神滿足感，并將其作為回報(bào)。

（1）Professional members

專業(yè)人員

For translators, CET6 is the minimum threshold, which is mainly to guarantee the quality of translation.

字幕組對(duì)于成員的語言和技術(shù)能力要求嚴(yán)格，對(duì)于翻譯人員來說，CET6只是最低門檻，這主要是為了保證翻譯內(nèi)容的質(zhì)量。

Taking YYeTs open class as an example, it requires not only the ability to translate, but also the higher professional knowledge and localization ability of translators.

以YYeTs公開課為例，不僅是翻譯能力，同時(shí)對(duì)于翻譯人員的專業(yè)知識(shí)和本土化能力都有較高的要求。

However, there is no reward for such high-intensity work. Therefore, the participants themselves have great love and interest in the TV series, and are willing to provide free labor for the subtitle group.

但這樣高強(qiáng)度工作的背后是沒有報(bào)酬的，因此參與者大都本身對(duì)影視劇集抱著極大的熱愛和興趣，才愿意為字幕組提供無償?shù)膭趧?dòng)。

（2）Flexible working hours and space

彈性的工作時(shí)間與空間

The development of network technology is free from the limitation of time and space, making remote work possible.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展擺脫了時(shí)空的限制，使遠(yuǎn)程工作成為可能。

Members of the subtitle group are enthusiasts from all over the world, working together with the help of network technology when there is a task. For subtitle group members, a computer and a smooth network is enough.

字幕組的成員是來自世界各地的愛好者，在有任務(wù)的時(shí)候借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)進(jìn)行協(xié)同工作。對(duì)于字幕組成員來說，一臺(tái)電腦和暢通的網(wǎng)絡(luò)就已足夠。

At the same time, the subtitle group also follows the "0 day principle", and everyone's film subtitle group has made timely demands on the working time in order to cope with the competition from other subtitle groups.

與此同時(shí)，字幕組還奉行著“0天原則”，人人影視字幕組為了應(yīng)對(duì)來自其他字幕組的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)于工作時(shí)間提出了及時(shí)性的要求。

Like a crowdsourcing the whole work mode, through the Internet to control, volunteers who have professional skills and knowledge, the use spare time in the prescribed time limit to complete subtitle group tasks.

整個(gè)工作模式像是一種眾包，通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來控制、組織那些擁有專業(yè)技能和知識(shí)的志愿者，利用業(yè)余時(shí)間在規(guī)定時(shí)限中來完成字幕組的任務(wù)。

（3）Redefine the value of labor.

重新定義勞動(dòng)價(jià)值

The spirit and purpose of the subtitle group is to free, share, exchange and learn, not to make commercial profits with the things produced.

字幕組的精神和宗旨是免費(fèi)、共享、交流、學(xué)習(xí)，不以制作的東西進(jìn)行商業(yè)盈利。

No names, no identity, subtitle group is the very essence of the members of the tag lovers, starting from the translation, subtitle groups provide more possibilities for cross-cultural communication and zero cost sharing model.

不問姓名，不問身份，字幕組的成員最本質(zhì)的標(biāo)簽是愛好者，從翻譯開始，字幕組為跨文化傳播和零成本的共享化模式提供了更多的可能。

The value of labor is no longer simply money, but a share of the same people, an international cultural exchange. Although YYeTs has been hit by its copyright problem, as netizens commented, "Without subtitle groups, we will lose an important channel to communicate directly with the world.”

勞動(dòng)價(jià)值不再是簡(jiǎn)單的金錢，而是一種同好者的分享，一種國(guó)際間文化的交流。雖然人人影視字幕組因?yàn)槠浒鏅?quán)原因受到打擊，但正如網(wǎng)友評(píng)論說：“如果沒有字幕組，我們將喪失一個(gè)直接與世界溝通的重要渠道?！?/p>

4.The capitalist exploitation behind crowdsourcing.

眾包背后的資本主義剝削

With the arrival of information capitalism, more and more online volunteers are the same as subtitle groups. People who are optimistic about their future earnings are more willing to work for their spiritual satisfaction.

隨著信息資本主義的到來，與字幕組相類似的網(wǎng)絡(luò)義工越來越多。對(duì)于未來收入有著樂觀預(yù)期的人們，更加愿意為自己的精神滿足而進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)。

The existence of many network volunteers also feeds the development of information capital society.

眾多網(wǎng)絡(luò)義工的存在同時(shí)反哺了信息資本社會(huì)的發(fā)展。

But as professor Chien-san Feng to this question: The development of information technology provides opportunities for the volunteer knowledge labors, but in this process if the producers will gain experience, or eventually falling into the exploited behind the capital appreciation.

但是正如馮建三教授對(duì)此提出的疑問：信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展，給這種志愿的知識(shí)勞工提供了生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)，但這究竟會(huì)讓生產(chǎn)者獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)，還是最終滑向資本增值背后的被剝削。

注：文中未詳細(xì)注明來源的圖片來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可被允許使用的作品

參考文獻(xiàn)：

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